Aim and Introduction. Planning is one of the most essential tools for accelerating the growth and development of developing countries, accepted by most experts. Because for various reasons, these countries will be involved in poverty, recession, low and incomplete employment, high inflation, price fluctuations without planning, without any planning. Undoubtedly, the importance of planning in the regions that make up a country is doubly important. Therefore, the distance between Kermanshah metropolis and other metropolises in terms of development and lack of research at the level of local organizations increases the need for this research. The study of Kermanshah province shows that the cities of this province experience different conditions in terms of the level of development indicators. Qasr Shirin is in the first rank compared to other cities of the province, then Kermanshah and in the next ranks (undeveloped cities) are eleven cities of the province. Many officials in Kermanshah acknowledge the lack of a long-term plan for the development of the city and the province, which is the duty of the city council and municipality. Strategic planning in local organizations has always faced obstacles that affect the quality of programs. Identifying and providing solutions for them can affect the development of society. Methodology. This research pursues the two purposes of description and explanation. Therefore, the present study, on the one hand, seeks to identify the disadvantages of strategic planning, on the other hand, because the relationship between research variables analyzed based on the purpose of the research, to explain the relationship between events. In the qualitative part of the research, using semi-structured interviews and studying different texts by theme analysis method, 33 sub-categories were identified and classified into four categories: behavioral, communication, knowledge and institutional. In the quantitative part of the research, triangular fuzzy numbers have been used to fuzzy the experts' point of view. Then the questionnaire was prepared based on the presented model and distributed to 133 statistical population (sample of 98 people). Based on the results of Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, considering that the significance value of at least one of the variables was less than the error level (0. 05), so the data distribution was not normal. Due to the lack of sensitivity to the default normality of the data, smart pls software is the best structural equation software to run the model. The research model tested using the partial least squares technique. Then, to check the quality or validity of the model, a validity check used, which includes a subscription validity index and a redundancy validity index. The fit indices of the research model are positive and greater than zero, and then the model has acceptable quality and validity. The value of GOF index is 0. 611, which is a strong index and shows the high quality of the model. Findings. After semi-structured interviews with experts and a study, injuries identified. Then 170 keywords and phrases were extracted through theme analysis and 33 indicators discovered through coding and classified into four groups. Four hypotheses the significant effect of the four cognitive, behavioral, communicative and institutional harms with strategic planning with a probability of 0. 95 was not rejected. Finally, the analysis of the current and favorable status gap performed by distributing another questionnaire in the target population, which according to the results, there was a significant gap between the status and the desired four factors. The intensity of the effect of knowledge factor on strategic planning calculated to be 0. 166 and the probability statistic of the test is 3. 518, which is greater than the critical value of t at the error level of 5%, i. e. 1. 96 and shows that the observed effect is significant. . Therefore, with 95% confidence, the knowledge factor has a significant effect on strategic planning. The intensity of the effect of the behavioral factor on strategic planning calculated to be 0. 259 and the probability statistic of the test is 2. 358, which is greater than the critical value of t at the 5% error level of 1. 96 and shows a significant effect. Is. Therefore, with 95% confidence, the behavioral factor has a significant effect on strategic planning. Therefore, the intensity of the effect of the communication factor on strategic planning calculated equal to 0. 412 and the probability statistic of the test obtained 4. 448, which is greater than the critical value of t at the 5% error level, i. e. 1. 96, and shows the observed effect. It is meaningful. Therefore, with 95% confidence, the communication factor has a significant effect on strategic planning. Finally, the intensity of the effect of the institutional factor on strategic planning is equal to 0. 491 and the probability statistic of the test is 8. 727, which shows that the observed effect is significant. Therefore, with 95% confidence, the managerial institutional factor has a significant effect on strategic planning. Discussion and Conclusion. Dissatisfaction with today's Iranian cities is a common experience of citizens, professionals and managers. The popular view of this issue is only looking for a solution to it. However, the city is the supreme product of human civilization, which emerges under the influence of innumerable components, and accepting the excessive influence of one factor in this field is in fact a kind of neglect of the issue. Among the important factors affecting the construction of Iranian cities, the system governing the preparation, approval and management of urban development plans has a significant share. The power structure in society, managers 'view of citizens' rights, city space in the eyes of people and decision makers, city maps and other such components play an important role in explaining how and what the planning system is. Examining the factors affecting strategic planning in general indicates the distance of the strategic planning system. The desired conditions achieved by correcting the injuries identified in this study through related organizations. According to the research results, the model presented in this study consists of four factors and a total of 33 indicators were identified, which were divided into four categories of knowledge with 4 indicators, behavioral with 10 indicators, communication with 8 indicators and institutional with 11 indicators. This model was the basis model for analyzing the current and desired situation. After performing the gap analysis, 26 indicators identified as damage because the current situation of these indicators is a significant distance from the desired situation and is far from the desired situation. The share of knowledge factors is three indicators, behavioral factors are eight indicators, communication factors are 6 indicators and institutional factors are nine indicators.

Today in democratic governments, accountability to people and obtain the consent of them from local services is important for people' s participation in local governance and consequently it is important to organizational success. In rural areas, wide range of services offered by local public organizations. Rural Satisfaction with the quality of their services is one of the public performance indicators. The purpose of this study is to measure and analyze the rural people satisfaction from services quality of local organizations in Ilam province. Research Statistical Unit, is all villages with over 20 households in Ilam province. Research Statistical population is all members of the village councils and the study was done by counting all. The overall 1130 questionnaires were collected from 398 villages. The data were collected using a closed questionnaire. The model of Service Quality Gaps was used to assessment of villager’s satisfaction and One sample Chi-square used to analysis and assess of comments. Also Cluster analysis was used to compare and cluster the villagers' satisfaction and one way ANOVA tests and Duncan's post hoc test was used to compare the satisfaction of villagers in different counties. The results showed that the villagers have little satisfaction in all of the local organizations. Cluster analysis results show that villagers are the most satisfaction from primary education, rural health centers and telephone services. Also ANOVA results show that villagers in Dehloran County are less and Ilam County most satisfied with the public services. Correlation analysis revealed that a positive correlation exists between index of rural enjoyment and the public consensus. Also there is a negative correlation between distance of accessibility index and the public consensus.

This research is intended to design a model for human capabilities development of managers of the local organizations. This qualitative research is based on the grounded theory method. The statistical population of the study contains managers and experts in the process of human capabilities development of managers in Tehran Municipality, 20 of whom are selected by theoretical and purposive sampling. The data collection was carried out by semi-structured interviews whose data were analyzed and the categories were identified through open, selective and theoretical coding. In the open coding stage, 120 initial codes were identified. Refining and merging of the similar codes resulted in 87 codes which were finally classified into 13 main categories and 20 subcategories, and finally, the target model was designed by remarking the relationships between the components. The research findings indicated that the implementation of human resource development model of managers of local organizations brings about the development of human resource capabilities as one of the functions of human resources in relation to recruitment, training and improvement, retention and retirement, as a measurement tool for the recognition of growth and development of human resource capabilities.

The local management as an institution for policy making and implementation of plans and projects has an important role in reducing economic and social inequalities and improving the development situation in villages and cities. The performance measurement is the main tool for studying achievement in the local management organizations. The re are successful methods and measures for performance measurement in economic organizations but studies show that performance management is difficult and complicated in local organizations such as municipalities. We can identify two main areas for local management performance measurement in organizations studies and in sociology. The main concepts in the first area are efficiency and effectiveness. But the second sees the object of the study in social capital framework and in its effects on local organizations performances. The article reviews the main studies in the two areas and outlines their models of performance measurement. Based on a grounded theory research in some urban management organizations in Iran, the article proposes a model for performance measurement with adding some new and grounded concepts in previous models.

Identifying the constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. Therefore; this research was performed to identify the production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In the CPA, the actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and the gap was 1221 kg/ha. The yield gap caused by number of top-dressing variables was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of the total yield gap. The yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of the total yield variation. Among the 10 variables entered in the CPA model, the effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of the yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in the farmers’ fields by managing these variables. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on the basis of optimal limit related to 12 variables under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 variables (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on the finding, it can be stated that the model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of the quantity of yield gap and determining the portion of each restricting yield variables.

The central issue of the present paper is the study of the causes of the mother tongue decline in the Sahne city in Kermanshah province. The issue of language is beyond the dialect of people and is refer to the form of life and the matter of macroeconomic and political relations. From this perspective, the form of life and the language associated with it explain the praxis of the members of the society. The appropriate method of examining the problem should be able to analyze the justification of agents to their situation, that is why Grounded Theory is chosen as the method of this research and data analysis is taken from abduction reasoning. The results of the analysis introduced the categories of globalizing, modernizing, de-use of language, economic necessity and the government as the most important factors of local language fading. In this essay the meaning of globalization is the globalizing of special type of economic relation that explain other categories role in the process of fading of languages.

Aims & Backgrounds Informal settlement is one of the most important urban problems that reduces the level of quality and quantity of life. So far, different ways of organizing informal settlements have been presented, but the empowerment strategy has a high status in order to reduce physical, economic and social inequalities in the world. Among the solutions to the complex problems of these settlements, the presence of representatives of Non-governmental organizations and Community Based Organization are as a communication link between the government and residents in empowering informal settlements to carry out actions in the cultural and social fields. The study intends to answer the question of how non-governmental organizations and community based organization play a role in the social empowerment of informal settlements. The case study is the old road of Quchan which is one of the identified area of informal settlements in Mashhad and is located in the northwest. Methodology This qualitative research is based on grounded theory which is conducted in 2018 among members of non-governmental institutions and local communities located in the old road of Quchan. Eleven semi-structured interviews were conducted with active members until saturation occured. Findings In open coding stage of data analysis, 403 raw data, 20 concept, and 7 categories were obtained. Three categories including social trust to organizations, limitations of organization income and limitad workability of organizations were selected as a central phenomenon. Conclusion In general, it can be said that the Non-governmental organizations have a high tendency towards social trust and acceptance, but they are not legally recognized due to economic and financial problems, the inability to provide the costs of the local problems, solve the needs of the residents and empower the neighborhoods, so their demands are not recognized too.

Water resources systems are facing with changes in terms of natural and socio-economic aspects. As a result, water resources management should be prepared for the future possibilities, rather than relying on the predicting of probabilities. Hence, the management approach should tend towards the mechanisms which can promote understanding and adapting to changes. That school of thoughts which is based on versatility with changes is known as adaptive management. From this perspective, adaptation to change is a priority for the adaptive management. One of the main features of an adaptive structure, is its capacity to adapt to change. Thus, this study aims to assess the adaptive capacity of the local organizations in Tashk– Bkhtgan Basin versus water scarcity. The adopted methodology is based on the Adaptive Capacity Wheel. The required data were gathered using questionnaires and structured interviews. The results show that a relatively negative adaptive capacity within the local organizations. That means there are gaps among the local organizations to deal with the negative effects of new conditions that need to be repaired.